![]() ![]() Meanwhile, at a very low concentration (0.05 g/L), NDAS demonstrated strong NaCl compatibility up to 100 g/L, Ca²⁺ ions compatibility up to 200 mg/L, and temperature stability up to 90 ☌. NDAS surfactant exhibited a strong interfacial activity (∼10⁻⁴ mN/m) between the crude oil and the formation brine at a very low surfactant dosage (0.05 g/L) and at high salinity conditions, which is equivalent to 2% (w/w) of dosage of the most traditional surfactants used in the enhanced oil recovery field. Its structure was characterized by ESI-HRMS, ¹H NMR, and ¹☼ NMR. All of the results achieved in this work confirmed that the SPBOPA surfactant is a more robust and promising biobased surfactant candidate than traditional surfactants as an eco-friendly surfactant for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).Ī new ultra-long chain monounsaturated 4-(N-Nervonicamidopropyl-N,N-dimethylammonium) butane sulfonate (NDAS) zwitterionic surfactant with ultralow interfacial tensions was developed through the modification of nervonic acid derived from renewable non-edible seed oils by a simple and effective method. ![]() Meanwhile, it showed a high biodegradability in the environment. It could also enhance the wetting ability of crude oil surfaces. ![]() Furthermore, SPBOPA had strong antidilution and antiadsorption properties with low toxicity as demonstrated by the high LD50 value of >5000 mg/kg♻W. It still had good interfacial properties in NaCl up to 60 g/L, Ca2+ up to 2000 mg/L, and temperature up to 100 ☌. The SPBOPA surfactant could reduce the interfacial tension between crude oil and formation brine to ultralow (5.2 × 10-4 mN/m) at a low dosage without extra alkali. The final surfactant structure was confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A salt-tolerant and low-toxicity biobased zwitterionic surfactant, N,N-dimethyl-N-N-benzyloxyoctadecanoyl-1,3-propanediamine (SPBOPA), was prepared from the oleic acid extracted from waste oils and anise ether extracted from the tarragon. The wide application of surfactants has a harmful effect on the environment, drawing more attention to the development and application of low-toxicity surfactants. ![]()
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